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Evaluation of Antiarthritic Potential of Methanolic Extract of Gentiana kurroo Royle
Khan Mubashir,Bashir A. Ganai,Khalid Ghazanfar,Seema Akbar
Arthritis , 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/810615
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disorder which involves the activation of immune system against the self-tissues. The main targets of this disease are the joints. Being systemic the development of this disease involves different mechanisms and thus the exact cause of this disease remains unknown. Although different drugs have been developed, none has been found to be the cure for this disease. In the current study the rat carrageenin paw was used as a model for acute inflammation and mycobacterium induced adjuvant arthritic model was used for exploring the antiarthritic potential of methanolic extract of Gentiana kurroo. In this study the different extracts tested showed less inhibition of acute inflammation than methanolic extract. The methanolic extract was further used in different doses and the anti-inflammatory efficacy was found to be dose dependent. The results obtained were significant with the control and the standard groups. In the arthritic model the methanolic extract showed decrease in the paw volume of arthritic animals and also in the arthritic symptoms. Again the results obtained were found to be significantly dose dependent. From the results obtained it can be concluded that this extract may serve as a source of drug against the rheumatoid arthritis. 1. Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by synovial inflammation and irreversible joint destruction and leads to significant disability [1]. It has affected about 1% of the population throughout the world with male and female ratio of 1？:？2.5 [2]. The etiology of this disease is still unknown [3]. The various proinflammatory molecules including reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, leukotrines and cytokines released by macrophages are involved in the cause of this disorder [4, 5]. The potential target for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions can be the regulatory checks of these mediators secreted by immune cells and the inhibition of enzymes like COX and LOX for the metabolic modulation of arachidonic acid [6, 7]. RA being a systemic disease can affect the whole body and internal organs (with exceptions) such as the lungs, heart, and eyes [8, 9]. Although different categories like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), immunosuppressants, and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are in use, the limitation is their potential side effects. The development of new safe, potent, less toxic antiarthritic drug is the growing concern all over [10, 11]. The remedy for arthritis cannot be thought beyond nature. A number of herbs are
Response of Herbal Medicine to the Withdrawal of Bronchodilators and Corticosteroids in Bronchial Asthma (Zeequn Nafas) Patients
Irfat Ara,Mohammad Naime,Seema Akbar,Syed Basahrat Bukhari
International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy , 2015,
Abstract:
Evaluation of Artemisia amygdalina D. for Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential
Khan Mubashir,Bashir A. Ganai,Khalid Ghazanfar,Seema Akbar,Akhtar H. Malik,Akbar Masood
ISRN Inflammation , 2013, DOI: 10.1155/2013/483646
Abstract: Artemisia amygdalina D. is a critically endangered endemic medicinal plant of Kashmir Himalayas. In the current study anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of the plant was carried out. Carrageenan paw edema model was used to study the potential of the drug in inflammation in Wistar rats. SRBC-specific haemagglutination titre and DTH assays were carried out in Balb/C mice for observing the effect of test drugs on immune system. The plant extracts used as test drugs showed to have anti-inflammatory potential. The methanolic fraction was observed to have the maximum effect on the inhibition of paw edema formation with the inhibitory potential of 42.26%, while in the immunomodulation studies the test drugs were found to have the immunosuppressant activity with methanolic fraction again showing the maximum potential for the suppression of both humoral (55.89% and 47.91%) and cell-mediated immunity (62.27% and 57.21%). The plant in total seems to have the anti-inflammatory potential. The suppression of immune system suggests some mechanistic way by which the inhibition of inflammation takes place. Since, in chronic inflammation like arthritis, there is the involvement of immune system, the plant in that way may serve as an alternative for the treatment of such autoimmune diseases. 1. Introduction Inflammation is the reaction of living tissues to injury, infection, or irritation. It is an essential protective process preserving the integrity of organisms against physical, chemical, and infective insults. However, it is frequent that the inflammatory response to several insults erroneously leads to the damaging of normal tissues responsible for certain pathological conditions such as heart attacks, septic shocks, and rheumatoid arthritis [1]. One of the early cellular events in inflammation is the migration of leukocytes, primarily neutrophils. This response can be measured by using the neutrophil-specific enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), an indicator of neutrophil accumulation [2]. In addition, nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α produced by macrophages play an important role in inflammation, and NO synthase inhibitors can reverse several classic inflammatory symptoms [3]. TNF-α is a cytokine which plays an important role in inflammation. TNF-α stimulates neutrophils to transcribe and release cytokines and chemokines biosynthesis [4]. In autoimmune diseases, on one hand pathogenic self-reactivity of T cells plays an important role, while on the other hand self-reactivity is needed to regulate autoaggressive responses. Delayed-type hypersensitivity can be
Scientific Validation of Gentiana kurroo Royle for Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential
Khan Mubashir,Khalid Ghazanfar,Bashir A. Ganai,Seema Akbar,Akhtar H. Malik,Akbar Masood
ISRN Inflammation , 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/701765
Abstract: Gentiana kurroo Royle is a critically endangered medicinal plant species endemic to the northwestern Himalayas. This plant was studied for the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential. Carrageenan paw edema model was used to study the potential of the drug in inflammation in Wistar rats. SRBC specific haemagglutination titre and DTH assays were carried out in Balb/C mice for observing the effect of test drugs on immune system. The plant extracts were found to be active against inflammation. The methanolic fraction was observed to be the most effective in inhibition of paw edema with the inhibitory potential of 47.62%. In immunomodulation studies the plant extracts showed the immunosuppressant activity. Methanolic fraction was observed to have maximum potential for the suppression of both humoral (57.57% and 54.05%) and cell mediated immunity (65.27% and 75%). From these studies, it can be concluded that the extracts of plant are having anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant activity. Since in chronic inflammation like arthritis there is the involvement of immune system, this plant may serve as an alternative for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like arthritis. 1. Introduction A number of medicinal herbs have been found to be useful for pharmacological activities, like anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Throughout the world different types of inflammatory diseases like rheumatic diseases are very common [1]. A major cause in development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases is alteration in the T-cell responses and irregular functioning of the immune system [2]. Any changes in the immune response involving induction, expression, amplification, or inhibition of any part or phase of the immune response refer to immunomodulation. The agents that can modulate the immune response are traditionally called the immunomodulators and are stimulatory or suppressive in their effect [3]. The immune system can be modulated by a large number of immunosuppressive drugs that have different mechanisms of action. Most common of these drugs are the glucocorticoids used widely in inflammatory disease management. These drugs by affecting gene transcription events cause inhibition of various immune functions [4, 5]. An alternative to conventional chemotherapy is the use of herbal products for immune suppression and there is an increasing demand to discover new drugs with fewer side effects. The plant products which have been found to be able to affect the functioning of the immune system are mainly the primary and secondary metabolites [6]. Such
Sub-Chronic Oral Toxicity Study of Kushta Qalai (A Unique Herbo-mineral Unani formulation) in Wistar Rats
Akbar Masood,Khalid Ghazanfar,Khalid M. Siddiqui,Mariya Hamdani,Masood S Mir,Seema Akbar,Showkat A Ganie,Tazeen Nazir
- , 2016,
Abstract: Objective: Kushta Qalai, a Herbo-mineral effective formulation of Unani medicine used for the treatment of male sex disorders has as yet not been evaluated for pre clinical toxicity study. The objective of the study was to investigate the Sub-Chronic oral toxicity study of Kushta Qalai Drug as well as Crude material (the un-detoxified form) in young, healthy Albino rats (Wistar Strain) of both the sexes in order to know their adverse effects, if any, and also to check the scientific validity of detoxification method. Methods: The study was conducted as per OECD-408 Guideline, during which the test substance was administered orally to the rats at the limit dose of 1000mg/kg, and its sub fractions 500 and 250mg/kg body wt., daily for 90 days. Overnight fasted rats were sacrificed on the 91st day and blood sample for Haematological and Biochemical parameters were collected. At the end, the tissues were collected and subjected to histopathological examination by a veterinary pathologist. Results: The results showed that, there were no statistically significant changes in the general behaviour, body weight gain, feed & water consumption, haematological parameters and biochemical parameters between test substance treated rats and control groups. Also there were no gross histopathological changes in vital organs of rats except the test substance treated rats showed degeneration of liver and kidney tissues, which were confirmed by the histopathological examination. Conclusion: The drug Kushta Qalai showed impairment at 1000mg/kg body weight while as the Crude material showed at all the three dose levels, indicating that the method of detoxification used in preparing the Kushta reduces the elements of toxicity
A Study of Environmental Awareness of Student Teachers and Teachers in Relation of Their Emotional Intelligence  [PDF]
Seema Sharma
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2014.28021
Abstract: The study aimed at finding out the relationship between environmental awareness and emotional intelligence of student teachers and teachers. The sample of the study consisted of 200 student teachers (100 male and 100 female) and also of 100 teachers (50 male and 50 female). The sample was taken from 15 self-financed B.Ed. colleges of Ghaziabad District of CCS University, Meerut (UP). Environmental awareness measure scale by Dr. P. K. Jha and emotional intelligence inventory by Dr. S. K. Mangal and Mrs. Shubhra Mangal was used for assessing the environmental awareness and emotional intelligence of student teachers and teachers. Data was analyzed by using mean, SD, t-test and by Pearson Product Moment Correlation Technique. The results showed that there was no significant difference between male and female student teachers and teachers regarding environmental awareness and emotional intelligence. The results also showed that the environmental awareness of male and female student teachers was also found to be slightly positively but not significantly correlated with emotional intelligence. The environmental awareness of male teachers was found to be moderately, positively and significantly correlated with emotional intelligence. On the other hand the environmental awareness of female teachers was found to be slightly positively but not significantly correlated with emotional intelligence.
Postmodern Science Edification Philosophy  [PDF]
Akbar Nikkhah
Open Journal of Philosophy (OJPP) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/ojpp.2011.11007
Abstract: The objective is to introduce and describe a new philosophy for global science edification that will determine the extent and nature of humans’ accomplishments. These will affect life quality worldwide. Science as an ultimate essence encircles theoretical and applied findings and discoveries. These can only contribute to forming a trivial core, whilst the most crucial are insightful moral surroundings. Morality is most concerned with mentorship commitments. To sustain a dense and rigid shape that progressively improves science and life quality, imagination must be complemented with harmonizing approaches. Such perceptions become an obligation as growing knowledge creates novel questions and challenges. The upper tree of science glorified with blooming branches of knowledge, particularly over the last few centuries, is predicted to undergo progressive declines in the strength of its edification foundations unless the lower tree receives most-deserving mentorship contemplations. The upper tree describes tangible science products in routin life, and the lower tree represents sustainable mentorship. Mentors must replace teachers, by definition, and commit to generating more qualified educators than themselves. Mentors are expected to welcome and manage challenges from mentees. Challenges play crucial roles in granting mentees with integrated pathways of scientific development. The resulting pictures will be eagerly prone to revisions and elaborations as mentees themselves step into the pathway. This systematic edification will strengthen science roots in mentees’ minds and will uphold a sturdy science body for society. Science pictured as an integrated circle grants a prospect to envision where humans are and where not to end up. Maintaining a definitive shape for science in any major before and while enriching central cores with experimental novelties in minds and laboratories is crucial to improving man’s fulfillment of time in the third millennium. Such integrities are an obligation to optimally preserve and utilize what humans have achieved thus far and continue to accomplish.
Science of Camel and Yak Milks: Human Nutrition and Health Perspectives  [PDF]
Akbar Nikkhah
Food and Nutrition Sciences (FNS) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.26092
Abstract: Camels and yaks milks are rich in numerous bioactive substances that function beyond their nutritive value. Milk Camel milk is more similar to goat milk and contains less short-chain fatty acids than cow, sheep and buffalo milks, and about 3 times greater vitamin-C than cow milk. One kg of camel milk meets 100% of daily human requirements for calcium and phosphorus, 57.6% for potassium, 40% for iron, copper, zinc and magnesium, and 24% for sodium. Camel milk helps treat liver problems, lowers bilirubin output, lightens vitamin inadequacy and nutrient deficiency, and boosts immunity. Camel milk reduces allergies caused by cow dairy products. Camel milk has low milk fat made mainly from polyunsaturated fatty acids. It lacks ß-lactoglobulin and is rich in immunoglobulins, compatible with human milk. Yak milk has 16.9 - 17.7% solids, 4.9 - 5.3% protein, 5.5 - 7.2% fat, 4.5 - 5.0% lactose, and 0.8 - 0.9% minerals. Yak milk fat is richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein, casein and fat than cow milk. Yak milk casein is used to produce antihypertensive peptides with capacities for producing value-added functional foods and proteins. Continual system-atic education of milk science especially for non-cow species will be an obligation for health implications to be optimally perceived by human populations worldwide.
Bioscience of ruminant intake evolution: feeding time models  [PDF]
Akbar Nikkhah
Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology (ABB) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/abb.2011.24039
Abstract: Ruminants have evolved to ruminate mostly over- night and graze during day. As such, rumen fermentation, post-rumen nutrient assimilation and peripheral metabolism have 24-h patterns. These evolutionary rhythms in eating behavior and metabolism have led to annual, seasonal, and circadian rhythms in ruminant endocrinology. Such natural patterns have encountered dramatic shifts in productivity in the last few decades. For optimum nutrient use and animal health, securing a synchrony between external cues and ruminant internal conditions is essential. Most recent discoveriess suggest alterations in post-prandial intake patterns of non-grazing lactating cows by altered feeding time. Eating rate and feed intake within the first 3 h after feeding have been increased by evening instead of morning feeding. As a result, postprandial patterns in rumen fermentation and peripheral blood levels of metabolites and hormones have been altered. These findings and insights establish a chronological nature for intake regulation in modern ruminants. Feeding time is a major external cue that affects eating extent, rate and efficiency in ruminants. Time of feeding requires special consideration and more mechanistic evaluations for animals and humans.
Science Education of the New Millennium: Mentorship Arts for Creative Lives  [PDF]
Akbar Nikkhah
Creative Education (CE) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/ce.2011.24048
Abstract: Science as an ultimate essence encircles theoretical and applied findings and discoveries that can only contribute to forming a trivial core. The most crucial are, however, insightful moral surroundings. The upper tree of science glorified with blooming branches of knowledge is predicted to undergo progressive declines in the strength of its education foundations unless the lower tree receives most-deserving mentorship contemplations. Mentoring rather than teaching of science will be a frontier for quality creative lives. Postmodern Mentors will create and designate definitive shapes from discoveries and findings to grant human life with ongoing peace and ultimate satisfaction. Mentors are expected to welcome and manage challenges from mentees. Challenges play crucial roles in granting mentees with creative pathways of scientific development. Science education policies are to pursue arts as a model to reach and maintain harmony. Finest harmonies are accomplished by assimilating a multitude of creative sciences as is rousing a piece of music by composing manifold melodies. Human brain communicates with arts in ways that determine various future choices of life. Artistic science education requires creative educators who can perceive, perform and analyze arts. Governments are increasingly responsible for making new policies that will allow creative public education and refined education programs. Governments should foster creative education policies at governors, educators, and learners levels. In the post-modern time, mentors and trainers themselves require frequent timely education to remain most up-to-date and creatively functional. Constant education of educators faces more practical challenges than education of learners. Effectual education of governments and policy makers on ‘science education policies’ will be a turning point in enabling continual improvements in global science and creative life qualities. Sciences educated artistically will make and shape most yielding policies in creative science education of the new resourceful millennium.
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